Adaptive track control for unmanned surface vessels using model predictive control: accounting for water depth and speed variations
Volume
78
Issue number
1
Article number
78103
Received
02 December 2025
Received in revised form
22 August 2026
Accepted
23 September 2026
Available online
09 October 2026
Authors
Hongwei He1,2*, Luca Donatini1, Jeroen Verwilligen3, Guillaume Delefortrie1
1Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
2Hunan University, China
3Flanders Hydraulics, Antwerp, Belgium
Corresponding author email
Abstract
Model Predictive Control (MPC) is applied to track control of unmanned surface vessels. To adapt to dynamic changes in speed and water depth, a water depth and speed dependent predictive model, with coefficients identified from free running tests (e.g., acceleration and zigzag trials), is developed. The nonlinear least square method is used for parameter estimation of the model. Furthermore, a novel self-tuning method adapts MPC’s essential parameter, prediction horizon, to diverse operating conditions. Validation via manoeuvring simulations of the full-scale benchmark KVLCC2 ship covers under keel clearances (UKC) from 20 to 100 % ship’s draft (from shallow water to medium deep water) and vessel speeds of 7-15 knots, spanning 25 distinct scenarios. The designed controller achieves high-accuracy path following across all conditions, demonstrating exceptional adaptability to parameter variations.
Keywords
Unmanned surface vessel, Adaptive track control, Ship manoeuvring modelling, Data-driven modelling, Model predictive control