Vol 77 No 4 77410

Abstract

Wind-assisted ship propulsion (WASP) technologies are increasingly considered a viable option for reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in maritime transport. Reliable prediction of their performance is essential for supporting design, retrofitting, and operational decisions, yet existing simulation approaches remain fragmented in terms of assumptions, fidelity, validation practices, and practical applicability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of simulation models used to predict the efficiency of WASP systems, including Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), empirical and hybrid formulations, experimental validation methods, and Velocity Prediction Programs (VPPs). Beyond the literature review, this work contributes three original elements. First, it proposes a conceptual taxonomy that classifies WASP simulation models according to model fidelity, operational applicability, and level of technological integration. Second, it introduces a structured and weighted decision-support framework to guide model selection across different project phases and data availability levels. Third, it identifies key research gaps related to validation, hull–sail interaction modeling, and operational integration, and outlines directions for future developments. By linking detailed simulation methods with practical engineering requirements, this review provides researchers and practitioners with a clear framework for selecting and applying WASP simulation tools, supporting more robust efficiency predictions and facilitating the effective deployment of wind-assisted propulsion in commercial shipping.